Digestive and Excretory system

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The digestive and excretory systems are two important systems in the human body, responsible for processing food and waste products, respectively. Let's discuss them separately:

Digestive System

The digestive system is a series of organs and structures that work together to break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body. The main components of the digestive system include:

1. Mouth: Food enters the body through the mouth, where mechanical digestion (chewing) and chemical digestion (enzymes in saliva) begin breaking down the food.
2. Esophagus: The chewed food travels down the esophagus, a muscular tube that propels food to the stomach using a series of coordinated contractions called peristalsis.
3. Stomach: The stomach is a muscular, sac-like organ that secretes gastric juices containing enzymes and acid to break down food further. It also churns food into a semi-liquid substance called chyme.
4. Small intestine: The chyme enters the small intestine, where most nutrient absorption occurs. The small intestine is lined with tiny, finger-like projections called villi that increase the surface area for absorption. Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver aid in breaking down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
5. Large intestine: The remaining undigested material enters the large intestine, where water and some electrolytes are absorbed. The large intestine is home to a diverse population of bacterial flora that help break down remaining nutrients and synthesize vitamins.
6. Rectum and anus: The leftover waste, now called feces, is stored in the rectum and eventually expelled from the body through the anus.

Excretory System

The excretory system is responsible for the elimination of waste products and toxins from the body, helping to maintain a proper balance of fluids and electrolytes. The main components of the excretory system include:

1. Responsible for removing waste products from the body. It consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

2. The kidneys filter waste and excess fluid from the blood to produce urine. They help regulate blood composition, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance and blood pressure.

3. The ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

4. The bladder stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.

5. The urethra transports urine out of the body from the bladder.

6. The excretory system works with other organ systems like the circulatory system to keep the internal environment of the body balanced.

7. It also plays a role in processes like blood pressure regulation, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell formation.

8. Our body produces a lot of waste material during metabolism, so the excretory system is essential for elimination and maintaining homeostasis.

Both the digestive and excretory systems work in tandem to process and eliminate waste products from the body, ensuring overall health and homeostasis.

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Transcript:-
The digestive system and EXC expiratory system work together. The digestive system breaks down the food into nutrients which are absorbed into the bloodstream, and the undigested solids are eliminated by the digestive system while the excretory system filters the bloodstream and removes the waste products and excess water.

The digestive system or the gastrointestinal tract begins at the mouth and ends with anus. The digestive system serves the functions of ingestion of food digestion by breaking down insoluble complex food materials into simple absorbable forms, secretion of digestive enzymes that help in proper digestion and the movement of food through the digestive system absorption of digested.

Water, vitamins, salts, and so forth, and the ingestion of undigested food. The adult elementary canal attains a length of about 25 feet and may be divided into three parts. One upper gastrointestinal tract, two lower gastrointestinal tract, and three associated glands and organ. The upper gastrointestinal tract includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach.

The lower gastrointestinal tract includes small intestine, large intestine, and anus. Associated glands include the salivary glands, gastric glands, and intestinal glands. Associated organs include the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Mouth. It leads into the mouth cavity or buckle cavity, which is bounded by the upper and the lower jaws.

On the roof of the mouth cavity, there is a P and the tongue is present on the floor. The mouth also encloses 32 teeth 16 each in the upper and lower jaws pharynx. The mouth cavity leads into a musculo membrane tubule called the Phin. Esophagus. The pharynx leads into a thick, muscular tubule called esophagus, which is about 10 inches long.

It is connected to the stomach via lower esophageal sphincter, located at the base of the esophagus. Stomach. The esophagus leads into the J shaped stomach, which is a muscular chamber. The stomach is divided into cardio fundus body and pylos, and communicates with the duo enum of the small intestine via pyloric sphincter.

Small intestine. The stomach leads into the small intestine, which is about 23 feet long, convoluted tubule that is divided into three regions. The Duo Theum and the ileum. The duo is about 10 inches long. The mucus membranes of theum and ileum are internally produced into microscopic finger-like processes called vili, which increase the absorptive surface of the intestine.

Large intestine or colon, large intestine is the terminal portion of GI tract and extends from the end of the ileum to the anus. It is divided into an ascending colon, a transverse colon, a descending colon, and a sigmoid colon. Secum and appendix. The ileum opens into the first part of the large intestine called secu, which is provided with a diverticulum called Verma Formm Appendix, which is a blind sac and a vestigial organ, rectum, and anus.

The sigmoid colon terminates in rectum, which opens to the exterior through the anus that is secured by anal sphincters. Salivary glands, three pairs of salivary glands open into the mouth cavity through ducts. These are known as parotid glands, sub maxillary glands, and sublingual glands. The secretion of these glands is saliva, which contains the digestive enzyme amylase.

Gastric glands. These glands occur in the stomach beneath the internal lining of the stomach. An estimated 35 million glands secrete the gastric juice containing enzymes into the stomach intestinal glands. These are present in the mucus membrane of the intestine. These are simple tubular glands, and these secrete the intestinal juice containing enzymes.

Liver is located on the right side adjacent to the diaphragm. It is the largest gland of the body and weighs about 1.5 kilogram. It has four lobes, right left quadrant and coate lobes. Liver is an exigent gland and its secretion is carried to the destination through ducts. The secretion of the liver is called bile, which is a viscous yellow, brown, or greenish fluid.

The gallbladder is a reservoir for the bile and its duct is called the cystic duct, which joins the hepatic duct to form the common bile duct, which in turn is joined by the pancreatic duct before opening into the duo. Pancreas about six inches long is a soft pink gland lying between the stomach and the duo enum.

It is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland. The exocrine part is composed of groups of cells called asinine or lobules, which secrete the pancreatic juice. It is carried to the duo enum by the pancreatic duct, which joins the bile duct and opens into the duo. The endocrine part comprises groups of cells called eyelets of Langerhans, consisting of two types of cells, the alpha cells and the beta cells.

Digestion of food involves mechanical digestion and chemical digestion. The mechanical digestion involves mastication, chewing with the aid of teeth, delution, swallowing, and mechanical movements of gastrointestinal tract to propel the food forward by. Peristaltic waves and also mix the food content with digestive juices and enzymes.

The chemical digestion is accomplished by the action of digestive juices and enzymes on the food particles in the gastrointestinal tract. The various digestive juices, which include the saliva from the salivary glands, gastric juice from the gastric glands, intestine, juice from the intestinal glands, bile from the liver, and pancreatic juice secreted by the pancrea.

The tongue mixes the food with saliva and the saliva lubricates the food. The saliva mainly contains the enzyme's, amylase and lysozyme. The salivary amylase Tylenol splits starch polysaccharide into malto, disaccharide lysozyme. The antibacterial enzyme kills bacteria. The bolus or the food mixed with saliva and enzyme enters the stomach through the esophagus.

The gastric juice mainly consists of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, renin, and gastric lipase. The hydrochloric acid acidifies the food and stops the action of Tylenol. The hydrochloric acid also converts the inactive form of the enzyme called pepsinogen into active form. Pepsin, pepsin breaks down proteins into protts and pep tones.

Renin converts carcinogen of milk into solid cassin, commonly called curing of milk. This KD is further acted upon by pepsin and is converted into pep tones. Gastric lipase splits down fats into fatty acids. As a result of digestion and the stomach, the food is converted into a semi fluid mass called chime, which is passed on to the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter.

Bile secreted by the liver brings about emulsification of fats or reducing fats into small droplets. The pancreatic juice contains various enzymes, which brings about the digestion of various food substances as follows, tripsin Tripsin splits proteins into protts peptides and polypeptide. Chymotrypsin splits proteins into protts peptides and poly peptides.

It splits protts and peptides into try and die peptides pancreatic amylase. It splits starches and glycogen into maltose, pancreatic lipase, tsin, emulsified fats are converted into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase. Maltase. It converts maltose into glucose carboxypeptidase. This converts polypeptides proteins into tri and die peptides.

Nuclease. This converts nucleic acids into nucleotides. The intestinal juice contains enzymes which bring about the digestion of various food substances as. In Taro kinase, it converts the inactive trip synogen into active Tripsin epon. This converts tri and dip peptides into amino acids, sucrose, inverase.

This converts sucrose into glucose and fructose maltase. This converts maltose into glucose. Lactase. This converts lactose into galactose and glucose. Lipase. This converts the emulsified fats into fatty acids and glycerol phospho lipase. This converts the phospholipids into fatty acids, glycerol and phosphoric acid phosphotase.

It converts organic phosphates into free phosphates. Nucleotide. This converts nucleotides into nucleoside. Nucleo pase. This converts nucleosides into purin or pyrimidine bases and a sugar. About 90% of the absorption of the digested food takes place in the small intestine. The undigested matter becomes a semi-solid mass called the feces or stool in the colon, which passes out through the rectum and anus by the defecation process.

The EXC Expiratory system removes the vital waste products of metabolism, which mainly include urea, carbon dioxide, salts, and water. These waste products are eliminated from the body by one of the three main roots, the lungs, the skin, or the kidneys. The lungs remove carbon dioxide and also water to a considerable extent as.

The skin removes salts and water by way of sweat. The kidneys. Remove the nitrogenous waste products, mainly the urea, and also excessive amount of water and salts, and thus perform the homeostatic functions. The pair of kidneys are bean shaped structures located just behind the vertebra column in the abdomen.

They are the principle excretory organs for the elimination of the nitrogenous waste products, mainly urea above each kidney. There is a super renal or adrenal gland, which is an endocrine gland from each kidney arises the ureter, which passes downwards and opens into the urinary. Which in turn opens to the exterior through a tube called ure.

The kidney is enclosed in a capsule of connective tissues. At the point of origin of ureter, there is a concavity called the hlu. The renal artery and renal vein enter the kidney at the region of Hylas. The substance of the kidney is differentiated into an outer cortex and an inner medulla. The medulla is divided into 10 to 15 cone-shaped areas called pyramids, and the apex of these pyramids form papilla, which projects into the minor Callies.

The regions of the cortex, which project inwardly between the successive pyramids are called columns of bertan or renal. The minor Callies converged to form major Callies, which in turn joined to form renal pelvis, the central cavity of the kidney. Each kidney is composed of numerous functional tubules called ous tubules, which are differentiated into the secretor re portions or nephrons and non-sec secret repos or collecting portions or duct system.

The nephrons are the functional secretory units of kidneys, which starts at the cortex. Each kidney is composed of about 1 million nephrons. Each nephron is composed of Malian, corpuscle and renal tub. The renal tubul consists of proximal convoluted tubule, P C T loop of Henley, and the distal convoluted tubule, D C T.

The Malian corpus or Malian body, or the renal CorpU is located in the cortex and is composed of a double layered cup like structure called the Bowman's capsule or glomerular capsule. Which encloses a network of capillaries of the arterial entering it. This bed of capillaries constitutes the glomerulus.

The efferent arterial enters the Bowman's capsule and the efferent arterial passes out of the glomerulus. The renal tubule begins with proximal convoluted tubule that extends from the Bowman's capsule and its lumen is provided with brush border. Loop of Henley is located in the medulla and it has three parts, thick descending limb of Henley thin loop proper, and the thick, ascending limb of.

Distal convoluted tubule is narrower and shorter and opens into the collecting tubule, which passes into the medulla. The functions of the kidneys are excretion of waste products, mainly urea maintenance of normal pH of body fluid, maintenance of water, balance of the body, removal of toxic substances from the body, and maintenance of homeostasis in tissue fluids.

The bladder is a hollow muscular bag situated in the pelvic cavity behind the pubes whose shape varies depending on the volume of urine contained within it. The urine collected in the pelvis of the kidney is carried down to the bladder by the ureters. When the urine content of the bladder increases in volume, the organ becomes more pear.

And when empty, it looks much like a deflated balloon. The bladder is lined with transitional epithelium and it is surrounded by the smooth muscular coat at the base of the bladder. The smooth muscle coat passes around the urethral opening in a series of loops to form the internal sphincter, which is normally in a state of contraction when the bladder is empty.

The urine collected in the bladder is finally eliminated from the body through the urethra. The bladder has a median opening below which leads to the urethra. The external sphincter surrounds the urethra a short distance below the internal sphincter. From time to time, a considerable quantity of urine is discharged to the outside through the urethra by a process called ur.

The process of digestion, starting from ingestion of food digestion, secretion of digestive enzymes, followed by absorption of digested food, water, vitamins, salts, and so forth, and the ingestion of undigested food and the excretory mechanisms involving removal of metabolic waste of urea carbon diox.

Salts and water are explicitly described through these animated videos. Understanding these basic functions of the digestive and excretory systems helps to appreciate the complex organization of the human body.